## Definition

Bitcoin mining is the process by which new bitcoins are entered into circulation and transactions are verified and added to the blockchain. Miners use specialized hardware to compete in solving cryptographic puzzles, following the proof-of-work design described in the [Bitcoin whitepaper](https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf), and the winner earns the right to add the next block to the chain along with a reward in newly minted bitcoin and transaction fees.

## How It Works

Bitcoin mining involves a continuous cycle of collecting, verifying, and committing transactions to the blockchain:

1. **Transaction Verification**: Miners collect pending transactions from the [mempool](https://mempool.space/) and validate them against the network's consensus rules — checking signatures, verifying that inputs haven't been spent, and ensuring the transaction follows the protocol.

2. **Block Creation**: Valid transactions are bundled into a candidate block. The miner constructs a [block header](https://developer.bitcoin.org/reference/block_chain.html#block-headers) that includes a reference to the previous block's hash, a Merkle root of the transactions, the current timestamp, and a nonce field.

3. **Proof of Work**: Miners repeatedly hash the block header with different nonce values, competing to find a hash below the network's difficulty target. Because hash outputs are unpredictable, this is essentially a lottery where more hash rate buys more tickets.

4. **Block Reward**: The first miner to find a valid hash broadcasts the block to the network. Other nodes verify it and add it to their copy of the blockchain. The winning miner receives the block reward (currently 3.125 BTC) plus all transaction fees from the included transactions.

## Why It Matters

Mining serves three essential purposes in the Bitcoin network:

- **Validates transactions** without needing a trusted third party, enabling peer-to-peer payments without banks or payment processors
- **Creates new bitcoins** in a predictable, decentralized manner following the emission schedule defined in the protocol, with rewards halving approximately every four years
- **Secures the network** by making it computationally expensive to attack — an attacker would need to control more than half of the global hash rate to reliably rewrite the blockchain

## Hardware Requirements

Modern Bitcoin mining requires specialized hardware called ASICs (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit miners). Common manufacturers include:

- **Bitmain** ([Antminer series](https://shop.bitmain.com/))
- **MicroBT** (WhatsMiner series)
- **Canaan** (Avalon series)

## Related Terms

- [Proof of Work](/glossary/proof-of-work)
- [Hash Rate](/glossary/hash-rate)
- [Mining Difficulty](/glossary/mining-difficulty)